扬·武卡谢维奇Jan Łukasiewicz

扬·武卡谢维奇的父亲卢克武卡谢维奇是奥地利军队的上尉。尽管他的父亲讲波兰语，但他住在伦贝格（现称利沃夫，位于乌克兰），该地属于加利西亚，在1772年瓜分波兰时被并入奥地利。然而，当武卡谢维奇在伦贝格出生时，奥地利已将该地区命名为加利西亚和洛多梅里亚王国，并给予其很大程度的行政自治权。武卡谢维奇的母亲利奥波尔迪内·霍尔策是一名奥地利公务员的女儿，利奥波尔迪内和卢克都是罗马天主教徒。

武卡谢维奇在学校时对数学感兴趣，他进入伦贝格大学学习数学和哲学。本科学习结束后，他继续攻读博士学位，并于1902年以最高荣誉获得学位。希望在大学授课的武卡谢维奇继续攻读他的教授资格论文（Habilitation），于1906年向伦贝格大学提交了论文。

获得任教资格后，武卡谢维奇开始在一所Privatdozent授课。随后于1911年，他被提升为伦贝格的编外教授。不久，波兰的巨大变化将为武卡谢维奇带来新的机遇。

自瓜分波兰以来，俄罗斯控制了该国称为波兰会议王国的那部分，其中包括华沙。华沙大学已被关闭，只有一所俄语大学在那里运作。第一次世界大战爆发时，同盟国（德国和奥匈帝国）进攻波兰会议王国。1915年8月，俄军从华沙撤退。德国和奥匈帝国控制了该国大部分地区，并在华沙设立了一名德国总督。俄国撤退后的首批举措之一是重建华沙大学，它于1915年11月开始作为一所波兰大学运作。

1915年华沙大学重新开放时，武卡谢维奇受邀前往这所新大学。那是波兰激动人心的时期，1916年11月5日宣布成立新的波兰王国。武卡谢维奇于1919年担任波兰教育部长，并于1920年至1939年担任华沙大学教授。在这两次世界大战之间的时期，武卡谢维奇曾两次担任华沙大学校长。

在此期间，武卡谢维奇和斯坦尼斯瓦夫·雷斯涅夫斯基创立了华沙逻辑学派。阿尔弗雷德·塔斯基，曾是斯坦尼斯瓦夫·雷斯涅夫斯基的学生，使这个学派在国际上闻名。武卡谢维奇于1928年在华沙出版了他的著名著作Elements of mathematical logic（英文译本于1963年问世）：[1]：-

……将数学逻辑视为探究数学基础和实证科学方法论的工具，武卡谢维奇成功地使其成为波兰大学数学和理科学生的必修科目。他清晰的讲座也吸引了人文学科的学生。

武卡谢维奇娶了雷吉娜·巴尔文斯卡，他们在第二次世界大战期间遭受了巨大的苦难。武卡谢维奇于1953年写了一部自传，在他去世后，由他的遗孀雷吉娜武卡谢维奇出版[6]。武卡谢维奇的苦难在这部自传中得到了生动的描绘。武卡谢维奇和他的妻子逃离波兰，1946年他们流亡在比利时，当时他获得了爱尔兰都柏林大学的讲席职位。

他研究数学逻辑，在1910年前后撰写了关于矛盾律和排中律的论文，发展了（1917年）三值命题演算，并研究多值逻辑。

武卡谢维奇引入了“波兰记法”，使得表达式可以不用括号而明确地书写，他的研究为阿尔弗雷德·塔斯基的工作奠定了基础。

2022年11月，武卡谢维奇的遗骸从都柏林迁至华沙，安葬在华沙的老波瓦兹基公墓。

Jan Łukasiewicz's father, Luke Łukasiewicz, was a captain in the Austrian army. Although his father was Polish speaking, he was living in Lemberg (which is now known as Lviv and is in Ukraine) which is in Galicia and was attached to Austria in the 1772 partition of Poland. However, by the time Łukasiewicz was born in Lemberg, Austria had named the region the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria and given it a large degree of administrative autonomy. Jan's mother, Leopoldine Holtzer, was the daughter of an Austrian civil servant and both Leopoldine and Luke were Roman Catholics.

Łukasiewicz was interested in mathematics at school and he entered the University of Lemberg where he studied mathematics and philosophy. Following his undergraduate studies, he continued to work for his doctorate which was awarded in 1902 with the highest distinction possible. Wishing to lecture in universities, Łukasiewicz continued to study for his habilitation, submitting his thesis to the University of Lemberg in 1906.

Once he had been awarded his habilitation, Łukasiewicz began to lecture at a Privatdozent. Then in 1911 he was promoted to an extraordinary professor at Lemberg. Soon large changes in Poland would present new opportunities to Łukasiewicz.

Since the partition of Poland, Russia had controlled that part of the country called Congress Poland, which included Warsaw. The University of Warsaw had been closed and only a Russian language university operated there. At the outbreak of World War I, the Central Powers (Germany and Austria- Hungary) attacked Congress Poland. In August 1915 the Russian forces withdrew from Warsaw. Germany and Austria-Hungary took control of most of the country and a German governor general was installed in Warsaw. One of the first moves after the Russian withdrawal was the refounding of the University of Warsaw and it began operating as a Polish university in November 1915.

Łukasiewicz was invited to the new University of Warsaw when it reopened in 1915. It was an exciting time in Poland and a new Kingdom of Poland was declared on 5 November 1916. Łukasiewicz was Polish Minister of Education in 1919 and a professor at Warsaw University from 1920 to 1939. During this period between the wars Łukasiewicz was twice rector of Warsaw University.

During this time Łukasiewicz and Lesniewski founded the Warsaw School of Logic. Tarski, who was a student of Lesniewski, would make this school internationally famous. Łukasiewicz published his famous text Elements of mathematical logic in Warsaw in 1928 (the English translation appeared in 1963): [1]:-

... viewing mathematical logic as an instrument of enquiry into the foundations of mathematics and the methodology of empirical science, Łukasiewicz succeeded in making it a required subject for mathematics and science students in Polish universities. His lucid lectures attracted students of the humanities as well.

Łukasiewicz had married Regina Barwinska and they suffered great hardships during World War II. Łukasiewicz wrote an autobiography in 1953 and, after his death it was published by his widow Regina Łukasiewicz [6]. The suffering of Łukasiewicz is graphically illustrated in this autobiography. Łukasiewicz and his wife fled from Poland and in 1946 they were in exile in Belgium when he was offered a chair by the University of Dublin in Ireland.

He worked on mathematical logic, wrote essays on the principle of non-contradiction and the excluded middle around 1910, developed a three value propositional calculus (1917) and worked on many valued logics.

Łukasiewicz introduced the 'Polish notation' which allowed expressions to be written unambiguously without the use of brackets and his studies were to form the basis for Tarski's work.

In November 2022, Łukasiewicz's remains were transferred from Dublin to Warsaw and buried in Warsaw's Old Powązki Cemetery.