加斯帕尔-古斯塔夫·德·科里奥利Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis

加斯帕尔-古斯塔夫·德·科里奥利的父亲是Jean-Baptiste-Elzéar 德·科里奥利，母亲是Marie-Sophie de Maillet。他的父亲于1773年成为Bourbonnais团的少尉，1780年随Rochambeau军团参加美国战役，1784年7月15日晋升上尉后返回法国。1790年，他成为路易十六麾下的一名军官，但当君主制陷入困境时，这使他处境艰难。国王试图逃跑，于1791年6月21日逃离巴黎，但在瓦雷讷被捕并押回首都。德·科里奥利生于1792年6月，同年9月21日君主制被废除。德·科里奥利的父亲逃往南锡，在那里成为实业家。路易十六于1793年1月在巴黎被送上断头台。

德·科里奥利在Nancy长大并在那里上学。他于1808年参加了巴黎综合理工学院的入学考试，在当年入学的所有学生中名列第二。毕业后，他进入巴黎的路桥学校。在工程兵团中，他在Meurthe-et-Moselle地区和Vosges山脉工作了数年。父亲去世后，德·科里奥利不得不支撑家庭，加之健康状况已经不佳，他决定在1816年接受巴黎综合理工学院的一个职位，辅导分析。他是由奥古斯丁·路易·柯西推荐担任此职的。

德·科里奥利于1829年成为中央工艺制造学院力学教授。1830年7月爆发了一场革命，此后奥古斯丁·路易·柯西于1830年9月离开巴黎。法国的政治事件意味着奥古斯丁·路易·柯西现在必须宣誓效忠新政权，而当他未能返回巴黎宣誓时，他失去了在那里的所有职位。德·科里奥利被提供了巴黎综合理工学院的奥古斯丁·路易·柯西职位，但此时他已深度投入自己的研究，决定不再承担任何教学职务。

尽管没有接受巴黎综合理工学院的进一步职务，德·科里奥利还是在1832年接受了桥梁公路学校的职位。在那里，他与克洛德-路易·纳维合作教授应用力学。纳维于1836年去世，德·科里奥利被任命接替他在桥梁公路学校的讲席。他还被选为接替纳维在Académie des Sciences力学部门的职位。德·科里奥利继续在巴黎综合理工学院任教直到1838年，当时他决定结束教学并担任学业主任的角色。他这项工作做得非常好，但自年轻时起就一直困扰他的健康状况在1843年春天变得更加糟糕，几个月后便去世了。

德·科里奥利研究力学和工程数学，特别是摩擦、水力学、机器性能和人体工程学。他引入了术语“功”和“动能”，并赋予了它们现在的科学含义。德·科里奥利于1819年开始发展他的想法，并于1824年向让-维克托·彭赛列展示了一些论文。德·科里奥利和让-维克托·彭赛列都在1829年发表；德·科里奥利的论文是Du Calcul de l'effet des machines Ⓣ（机器效应的计算）。尽管这两篇论文都在1829年出现，但关于谁先提出这个想法并没有争论，让-维克托·彭赛列承认“功”这个词是由德·科里奥利引入的。文章[5]过于简化了这段历史，以至于在这一点上可能产生误导。德·科里奥利、让-维克托·彭赛列和克洛德-路易·纳维对“功”概念的贡献在[6]中有详细考察。

德·科里奥利提出了一个功的单位，即“动力米”。该单位代表1000千克-米，由德·科里奥利提出作为一种度量，可以提供一个合理的单位来衡量一个人、一匹马或一台蒸汽机可能做的功。然而，尽管他的术语“功”已成为标准，动力米作为功的单位并未流行起来。

然而，德·科里奥利最令人铭记的并不是“功”的概念，而是出现在论文Sur les équations du mouvement relatif des systèmes de corps Ⓣ（关于物体系统相对运动的方程）（1835年）中的德·科里奥利力。他表明，如果在运动方程中加入一个称为德·科里奥利加速度的额外力，运动定律就可以在旋转参考系中使用。

1835年，德·科里奥利在Théorie mathématique des effets du jeu de billiard Ⓣ（台球游戏性质的数学理论）中撰写了关于台球数学理论的文章。他还撰写了Traité de la mécanique des corps solides Ⓣ（固体力学论）（1844年）。

科斯塔贝尔将他的贡献总结如下[1]：-

[德·科里奥利力]的一个应用是地球表面的流体团。因此，1963年，一艘法国海洋学研究船以[德·科里奥利]命名，以此向这位科学家——而非工程师——致敬，恰如其分地表彰了其将理论与技术应用相结合的职业生涯。

Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis's father was Jean-Baptiste-Elzéar Coriolis and his mother was Marie-Sophie de Maillet. His father became a sub-lieutenant in the Bourbonnais regiment in 1773, fought in the American campaign in the Rochambeau corps in 1780, and returned to France when he was promoted to captain on 15 July 1784. He became an officer with Louis XVI in 1790 but this put him in difficulties when the monarchy was in trouble. The King tried to escape and fled Paris on 21 June 1791 but he was caught at Varennes and brought back to the capital. Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis was born in June 1792 and on 21 September of that year the monarchy was abolished. Coriolis's father fled to Nancy where he became an industrialist. Louis XVI was guillotined in Paris in January 1793.

Coriolis was brought up in Nancy and attended school there. He sat the entrance examination for the École Polytechnique in 1808 and he was placed second of all the students entering that year. On graduating he entered the École des Ponts et Chaussées in Paris. With the engineering corps he worked for several years in the Meurthe-et-Moselle district and the Vosges mountains. After his father died Coriolis had to support the family and, with his health already poor, he decided to accept a post in the École Polytechnique in 1816 tutoring analysis. He had been recommended for this position by Cauchy.

Coriolis became professor of mechanics at the École Centrale des Artes et Manufactures in 1829. In July 1830 there was a revolution and, following this Cauchy left Paris in September 1830. Political events in France meant that Cauchy was now required to swear an oath of allegiance to the new regime and when he failed to return to Paris to do so he lost all his positions there. Coriolis was offered Cauchy's position at the École Polytechnique but by this time he was highly involved in his research and decided not to take on any further teaching duties.

Despite not accepting further duties at the École Polytechnique, Coriolis did take on a position at the École des Ponts and Chaussées in 1832. There he teamed up with Navier teaching applied mechanics. Navier died in 1836 and Coriolis was appointed to his chair at the École des Ponts and Chaussées. He was also elected to replace Navier in the mechanics section of the Académie des Sciences. Coriolis continued teaching at the École Polytechnique until 1838 when he decided to end teaching and take on the role of director of studies. He did this task extremely well but his poor health which had afflicted him since he was a young man became much worse in the spring of 1843 and a died a few months later.

Coriolis studied mechanics and engineering mathematics, in particular friction, hydraulics, machine performance and ergonomics. He introduced the terms 'work' and 'kinetic energy' with their present scientific meaning. Coriolis began developing his ideas in 1819 and he showed some papers to Poncelet in 1824. Both Coriolis and Poncelet published in 1829; the paper by Coriolis being Du Calcul de l'effet des machines Ⓣ. Despite the two papers appearing in 1829 there was no argument as to who initiated the idea, with Poncelet acknowledging that the word "work" was brought in by Coriolis. The article [5] simplifies this piece of history so much that it could be misleading on this point. The contribution of Coriolis, Poncelet, and Navier to the concept of 'work' is examined in detail in [6].

Coriolis proposed a unit of work, namely the 'dynamode'. The unit represents 1000 kilogram-metres and was proposed by Coriolis as a measure which could provide a sensible unit with which to measure the work which a person might do, a horse, or a steam engine. However, although his term 'work' has become standard, the dynamode did not prove popular as the unit of work.

It is not the ideas of 'work' for which Coriolis is best remembered, however, rather it is for the Coriolis force which appears in the paper Sur les équations du mouvement relatif des systèmes de corps Ⓣ (1835). He showed that the laws of motion could be used in a rotating frame of reference if an extra force called the Coriolis acceleration is added to the equations of motion.

In 1835 Coriolis wrote on a mathematical theory of billiards in Théorie mathématique des effets du jeu de billiard Ⓣ. He also wrote Traité de la mécanique des corps solides Ⓣ (1844).

Costabel sums up his contribution as follows [1]:-

One application of [Coriolis force] is to fluid masses on the earth's surface. Accordingly, in 1963, a French oceanographic research vessel was named for [Coriolis], thus honouring the scientist - and not the engineer - in a fitting tribute to a career characterised by its union of theory and technical application.