尼古拉·叶戈罗维奇·茹科夫斯基Nikolay Zhukovsky

Nikolai Egorovich Zhukovskii（或茹科夫斯基或尼古拉·叶戈罗维奇·茹科夫斯基）是Egor Zhukovskii的儿子，后者是一名通信工程师。Nikolai Egorovich就读于莫斯科第四文理中学，并于1864年在那里完成中学教育。随后他进入莫斯科大学物理与数学系学习应用数学。他于1868年毕业，并从1870年起在莫斯科第二女子中学任教。

在中学任教两年后，Zhukovskii收到邀请，到莫斯科技术学校教授数学，然后从1874年起，他还在那里教授理论力学。在教授这些课程的同时，Zhukovskii也在攻读硕士学位，并于1876年以一篇关于液体运动学的学位论文获得该学位。值得指出的是，俄罗斯的硕士学位本质上相当于今天的英国/美国博士学位，而当时的俄罗斯博士学位本质上相当于德国的教授资格论文（Habilitation）。获得硕士学位后，莫斯科技术学校为Zhukovskii设立了一个专门的力学讲席。

Zhukovskii于1882年从莫斯科大学获得博士学位，学位论文是关于运动的稳定性。他在该大学工作，于1886年成为力学系主任。此时他已开始因其杰出工作而获奖，于1885年因流体动力学方面的理论工作而获得尼古莱·布拉什曼奖。

在其职业生涯中，茹科夫斯基有着令人瞩目的出版记录，发表了200多篇关于力学的出版物。1886年，他写了一篇[13]：-

……关于充满均匀不可压缩流体的物体运动的学位论文。……茹科夫斯基对问题的几何和合理力学方法的优势，[意味着]他的学位论文至今仍相当具有时效性。

然而，茹科夫斯基也许最为人所知的是作为俄罗斯流体力学和空气力学学派的创始人。由于他在这些领域的工作，他被称为Father of Russian Aviation。茹科夫斯基[1]：-

……在19世纪80年代末对重于空气的机器的飞行产生了兴趣，其中的一个基本问题是升力。

在1890-91年间，他用置于气流中的圆盘进行实验，并于1891年开始研究飞行动力学。1895年，他拜访了柏林的Lilienthal。Lilienthal正在出售其柏林工厂生产的滑翔机。茹科夫斯基[2]：-

……观察了Lilienthal的几次飞行，印象极为深刻。回到莫斯科后，他在自然科学之友协会发表演讲：“近年来航空领域最重要的发明是德国工程师Otto Lilienthal的飞行机器。

茹科夫斯基购买了利林塔尔向公众出售的八架滑翔机之一。1906年，茹科夫斯基发表了两篇论文，给出了机翼升力的数学表达式。今天它被称为马丁·威廉·库塔-茹科夫斯基定理，因为马丁·威廉·库塔指出该方程也出现在他1902年的学位论文中。

1911年茹科夫斯基写道：-

可以用精确分析探索的流体动力学现象领域越来越扩大。

茹科夫斯基既关注该学科的理论方面，也关注实验方面。他的理论工作集中在升力、高速空气动力学、涡旋理论、纵向和横向稳定性上，但在每一种情况下他都用适当的实验观察来补充这项工作。通过这种双管齐下的方法，他成为俄罗斯在航空两个方面的先驱。他接着建立了一个空气动力学实验室，并讲授他的空气动力学理论课程[1]：-

他在莫斯科技术学校讲授的航空理论基础课程（1911-12）是世界上第一个系统的航空理论课程，主要基于他自己的理论研究和在他所建立的实验室中进行的实验。

在今天的数学中，复平面$z \mapsto z + \Large\frac{1}{z}\normalsize$的共形映射被称为茹科夫斯基变换。这给了茹科夫斯基[2]：-

……一种利用共形映射和复变量技术设计翼型的方法。那些茹科夫斯基翼型实际上曾被用于一些飞机，而今天这些技术提供了一种数学上严格的参考解，现代翼型设计方法可以与之比较以进行验证。

关于这些翼型的更多内容，见THIS LINK。

在第一次世界大战期间，茹科夫斯基为飞行员教授了一门特殊课程，并且是1915年俄罗斯第一个研究从飞机上投弹理论的人。

1918年，他组织了中央空气流体动力学研究所，并成为其第一任负责人。1922年茹科夫斯基去世后，该研究所更名为N E茹科夫斯基军事和航空工程学院。

茹科夫斯基还从事流体动力学和水力学的研究，特别是水管中的冲击波。他特别通过研究水锤解决了管道爆裂的问题。他考虑的其他问题包括河床的形成和水坝的建造，在这些方面他的专业知识在建造发电站时再次发挥了不可估量的作用。

茹科夫斯基的著作从1935年到1950年出版了25卷。

Nikolai Egorovich Zhukovskii (or Zhukovsky or Joukowski) was the son of Egor Zhukovskii who was a communications engineer. Nikolai Egorovich attended the Fourth Gymnasium for Men in Moscow, completing his secondary education there in 1864. He then entered the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics at Moscow University where he studied applied mathematics. He graduated in 1868 and from 1870 he taught at the Second Gymnasium for Women in Moscow.

After two years teaching at the Gymnasium, Zhukovskii received an invitation to teach mathematics at Moscow Technical School then, from 1874, he also taught theoretical mechanics there. While he was teaching these courses, Zhukovskii was also studying for his Master's Degree and in 1876 he was awarded this degree for a thesis on the kinematics of a liquid. It is worth pointing out that the Russian Master's Degree is essentially the equivalent of a British/American Ph.D. today while the Russian doctorate at this time was essentially the equivalent of the German Habilitation. After being awarded his Master's Degree, a special chair of mechanics was created for Zhukovskii at Moscow Technical School.

Zhukovskii obtained a doctorate from Moscow University in 1882 for a dissertation on the stability of motion. He worked at the university, becoming the Head of the Department of Mechanics in 1886. By this time he had begun to receive awards for his outstanding work, having been awarded the N D Brashman prize for theoretical work in fluid dynamics in 1885.

Over his career Zhukovskii had a remarkable publications record producing over 200 publications on mechanics. In 1886 he wrote a [13]:-

... memoir dealing with the motion of bodies filled with a homogeneous incompressible fluid. ... the advantages of Zhukovskii's geometrical and sound mechanical approach to the problem, [means that] his memoir still remains quite up to date.

Perhaps Zhukovskii is most famous, however, as the founder of the Russian schools of hydromechanics and aeromechanics. For his work in these areas he became known as the Father of Russian Aviation. Zhukovskii [1]:-

... became interested in the late 1880s in flight in heavier-than-air machines, a basic problem of which was lift.

During 1890-91 he experimented with disks placed in currents of air and, in 1891, he began to study the dynamics of flight. In 1895 he visited Lilienthal in Berlin. Lilienthal was selling gliders produced in his factory in Berlin. Zhukovskii [2]:-

... observed several of Lilienthal's flights and was most impressed. After returning to Moscow, he spoke before the Society of Friends of the Natural Sciences: "The most important invention of recent years in the area of aviation is the flying machine of the German engineer Otto Lilienthal.

Zhukovskii purchased one of the eight gliders which Lilienthal sold to members of the public. In 1906 Zhukovskii published two papers in which he gave a mathematical expression for the lift on an airfoil. Today it is known as the Kutta-Joukowski theorem, since Kutta pointed out that the equation also appears in his 1902 dissertation.

In 1911 Zhukovskii wrote:-

The field of hydrodynamic phenomena which can be explored with exact analysis is more and more increasing.

Zhukovskii was concerned both with theoretical and with experimental aspects of the subject. His theoretical work concentrated on lift, high-speed aerodynamics, vortex theory, longitudinal and cross stability but he complemented this work with appropriate experimental observations in every case. With this twin approach he became the Russian pioneer on both aspects of aviation. He went on to establish an aerodynamics laboratory and to teach courses on his theories of aerodynamics [1]:-

His lectures at the Moscow Technical School on the theoretical basis of aeronautics (1911-12) were the world's first systematic course in aviation theory and were based largely on his own theoretical research and on experiments conducted in laboratories that he had established.

In mathematics today the conformal mapping of the complex plane $z \mapsto z + \Large\frac{1}{z}\normalsize$ is called the Joukowski transformation. This gave Zhukovskii [2]:-

... a means of designing aerofoils using conformal mappings and the techniques of complex variables. Those Joukowski aerofoils were actually used on some aircraft, and today these techniques provide a mathematically rigorous reference solution to which modern approaches to aerofoil design can be compared for validation.

See THIS LINK for more about the aerofoils.

During World War I Zhukovskii taught a special course for pilots and he was the first person in Russia to study the theory of bombing from aeroplanes in 1915.

In 1918 he organised the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute and became its first head. The Institute was renamed the N E Zhukovskii Academy of Military and Aeronautical Engineering in 1922 following Zhukovskii's death.

Zhukovsky also worked on hydrodynamics and hydraulics, in particular shock waves in water pipes. In particular he solved problems concerning the bursting of pipes with his studies of hydraulic shock. Other problems he considered were the formation of river beds and the construction of dams, where again his expertise was invaluable in constructing power stations.

Zhukovskii's works were published in 25 volumes from 1935 to 1950.